Georgius Agricola: De Re Metallica

history of spectroscopy Historical Development of Flame Excitation Sources for Analytical Spectroscopy

In 1556 Georgius Agricola I wrote, in his De Re Metallica, about the "colour of fumes" from various types of ores. This may be the earliest record available in which the color of a flame-excited metal sample was used to identify a substance. If so, it represents the start of flame spectroscopy as an analytical tool. For several hundred years thereafter, development in this field was very slow. ...

De re and De dicto Modality in Islamic Traditional Logic

De Re and De Se

1. De re thought and token-reflexivity There is an intuitive contrast between descriptive thoughts about an object (e.g. the thought that the strongest man in the world can lift 150 kilos) and 'nondescriptive' or 'de re' thoughts about an object (e.g. the thought that that man is drunk). But it is not easy to make the contrast explicit without going stipulative. The distinction between de re th...

De re anaphors

Interpretive constraints on anaphors in intensional complements suggest that de re LFs can’t yield de se truth conditions and, in fact, generate anti-de se inferences in the pragmatics.

On De Re Predicates

Thus, we conclude that a modal like ‘think’ is a necessary ingredient for de re/de dicto ambiguity. Roughly put, the ambiguity of (1) can be understood as follows. In the interpretation where ‘the linguist’ refers to Sue, it is evaluated against what we know, so the referent of ‘the linguist’ is who we know as the unique linguist, i.e. Sue. This is the same for the unembedded sentence in (4). O...